Cultural Challenges After Entry Leadership And Management

Cultural challenges after entry Leadership and Management The culture of China, in terms of management inside of a company is described as each person has a very clear role and that helps organization to keep things in order. Unlike Serbia and Montenegro where it has a culture of employees expecting employer to give them detailed directions and no questions are expected. Generally managers in China use autocratic leadership style. However they will not embarrass or punish employee publicly or in front of the colleagues. Another important factor is the hierarchy of Chinese culture. Even though the actual control is at the top of line management there may be informal interaction between staffs or managers and staffs (Kwintessential.co.uk,†¦show more content†¦Therefore trust is not build within manager and can encourage fear as well as anger (Anon, 2014). Teamwork Nowadays more and more teamwork is encouraged in a workplace. However China as seen above is not encouraged by teamwork as other countries such as USA, UK, Germany and others. Also the leadership style suggests that only people at the top of the organization have actual power, which prevent people from self-esteem. Although employees are adapted to authority and have freedom speaking out this discourage teamwork. Also it represents big challenge for employees working together as one team. Chinese culture is more people oriented where role and responsibilities are not stated clearly and when the problems are faced they seek for teamwork approach no matter which role they are assigned to. Consequently, each individual can engage themselves in a plethora of ventures in contest of their time and resources (Busch et al., 2013). Relationships are vital in China and looking after you network of relationships is viewed as road to success. For example during the work time people view their coworkers also as friends. If one of them were in trouble they would help them. The goals of a team are very vital and if the team succeeds everyone get compensated for the success. If the team fails it would be difficult to blame someone for not performing the task well. Even though teamwork is motivating and it builds better relationship

Trifles In Shakespeares Othello And Susan Glaspell And...

Plays are written to entertain an audience, usually performed on a stage or read by a cast of people playing different characters to help the audience understand the drama that is going on. In Shakespeare’s tragedy play, Othello, he captivates his audience through the tragedy of love and despair. Similarly, Susan Campbell writes the one-act play titled Trifles about ways love can kill. Susan Glaspell and Shakespeare present the major characters very similarly through the symbols in the story, but also convey them in different ways that send the audience two different messages. In Shakespeare’s, Othello, Desdemona’s handkerchief symbolizes love, romantic deeds, marriage, and power. The handkerchief serves as both a physical and symbolic†¦show more content†¦The lyrics of the song help to reveal a deep meaning downhearted connection between Othello and Desdemona. She sings this song after she is accused of infidelity and feeling sad about it. She expresses her mood through the lyrics, â€Å"The poor soul sat editorial emendation sighing editorial emendation by a sycamore tree, Sing all a green willow†(4.3.43-44) describing how she became so unhappy. Later in the lyrics, she describes the depth of sexism that has affected her in her marriage to Othello: â€Å"Let nobody blame him, his scorn I approve†(4.3.56). Even as she was dying, she could still see no wrong in Othello. During that time, women were to ask no questions and obey their husbands as if they were dogs, and Desdemona finally realized how much control Othello had over her when she sang the song along with how every man treated their women. In the one-act play, Trifles, women were also treated like pets who had to obey everything their husbands said and stay caged away in their homes. Mrs. Wright was like Desdemona and could not handle being controlled anymore, so she acted. The dead songbird that was found by Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale during the investigation of John Wrights death led them to believe this was Minnie’s doing. The song bird represents Mrs. Wright when she was young, free woman. Mrs. Hale says,â€Å"She used to wear pretty clothes and be lively, when she was Minnie Foster, one of the town girls singing in the choir† (Glaspell 855). When sheShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And Glaspell s Trifles995 Words   |  4 Pagesbrought women’s struggle under male dominance to light. Shakespeare’s Othello and Glaspell’s Trifles bring great female characters to the stage that share similarities. Both Glaspell and Shakespeare follow the same theme, while using both fore shadowing and irony to illustrate that Desdemona, Emilia, Bianca, Mrs. Wright, Mrs. Peters, and Mrs. Hale live under similar oppressive conditions. Both authors write about Patriarchal dominance. Shakespeare reveals his theme through Bianca’s relationship withRead MoreSymbols Add A Level Of Depth That Can Help The Reader To879 Words   |  4 Pagescan help expand the reader’s knowledge of what certain actions or evens can mean during the play. Symbols can be found throughout both Trifles and Othello, and each one helps further the plot or enhance characterization in some way. Susan Glaspell and William Shakespeare both use powerful symbols to further the plot and enhance character development. In Trifles, one of the most important symbols play is the birdcage that Mrs. Wright had stashed away within her kitchen. During the play, both MrsRead MoreThe Bond Between Women in Williams Shakespeares Literautre 908 Words   |  4 Pageslifetime, this is due to the heavy reliance on emotional connects that they share. Desdemona and Emilia in Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare show this bond between women through Shakespeare’s use of foreshadowing. As Desdemona begins to realize her fate she tells her dear friend Emilia â€Å"Lay on my bed my wedding sheets† (4.3.108-110). Desdemona had begun to realize just how upset Othello was, although she did not know the reason as to why he was, she knew that he would end up killing herRead MoreSympathy From William Shakespeare s Othello And Mrs. Wright1762 Words   |  8 Pagesangle, those audience members might be more likely to take that character’s side in an on-stage conflict, even if that character might be considered the play’s â€Å"villain.† Two great examples of this are Iago from William Shakespeare’s Othello and Mrs. Wright in Susan Glaspell’s Trifles; both are the instigators of domestic violence, both feel that they have been wronged, and at different points in their respective plays, they are, to varying degrees of success, able to capture the audience’s sympathiesRead MoreFacilitating Learning and Assessment in Practice3273 Words   |  14 PagesGables and The Scarlet Letter, Dostoyevsky’s The Brothers Karamazov, Twain’s A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Arthur Miller’s The Crucible and Death of a Salesman, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Shakespeare’s MacBeth and Hamlet, and numerous examples of poetry by Whitman, Wordsworth, the Brownings, Poe, Dickinson, Donne, Frost, Burns, Sandburg, Longfellow, Hughes, Angelou, Cummings, Plath and others. A variety of English courses were available at my

Currency Devaluation and Its Effects on the Economy Free Essays

| Currency devaluation and its effects on the economy | Focus on the Argentine economy | Agustina DalFabbro, Michele Mottola, Giuseppe Merlino, Saskia Diehl 26. 05. 2012 | Inhalt 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Currency Devaluation and Its Effects on the Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction2 2. Convertibility and its problems in the 1999/2001 period2 1. 1Previous Devaluation Process in Argentina2 2. First moments of devaluation3 2. 1 Fixed exchange rate vs. floating exchange rate regimes3 2. 2 Two types of exchange rates and free floating currency5 2. 2 Free floating currency6 3. Effects of Devaluation process on6 3. 1 Trade Balance6 3. 2 Productive capacity6 3. 3 Salaries6 . 4 National Accounts6 4. Conclusion6 5. Literature7 1. Introduction Stable currency exchange rate regimes are a key component to stable economic growth (http://www. policyarchive. org/handle/10207/bitstreams/1311. pdf) 2. Convertibility and its problems in the 1999/2001 period 1. 1 Previous Devaluation Process in Argentina Three main large devaluation episodes prior to the monetary reform of 1991 can be identified in the graph: 1975-1976 (the so called â€Å"Rodrigazo†), 1982-1984 (the â€Å"Post Malvinas War† monetary collapse) and 1989-1990 (the â€Å"Hyperinflationâ⠂¬ ). (http://www. cavallo. om. ar/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Devaluation-and-Inflation-. pdf) 2. First moments of devaluation Basically you can distinguish three half-year periods centered on the political and financial collapse at the end of 2001 namely: Precollapse (to September, 2001); Collapse (October 2001 to March 2002); and Depression (from April 2002). This section will focus on the end of the Collapse and the beginning and ongoing Depression. As earlier mentioned Argentina applied a currency board at the beginning of the 90’s which pegged the peso to the dollar and formed a fixed exchange rate. After the Crisis of Argentina had begun they had to decide how they can diminish the effect of the emerging depression. In December 2001 Argentina officially defaulted and in February 2002, the value of the pesos was almost half of the dollar, Eduardo Duhalde became president. He had to manage a country which was in a really bad condition. Different economists favored different strategies to stabilize the economy. Some favored a â€Å"pesification followed by a free-floating regime† and others â€Å"devaluation and subsequent dollarization†. Both of those possibilities are heavily discussed between the leading economists worldwide. After the financial crises in the 1990’s they suggested for developing countries to choose a corner solution and all intermediate exchange rate regimes were dismissed in order to be too risky. But in 2003, after the crisis of Argentina had reached its peak, the bi-polar view might be a good solution as well. The next section will be examine what Argentina did try to escape the crisis, after they had already implemented a currency board (fixed exchange rate), which eventually, with a lot of accompanying factors, evoked the crisis. They actually started floating their currency and implemented several other measures to save their economy. If this mixture of policies was successful will be analyzed in the following. 2. 1 Fixed exchange rate vs. floating exchange rate regimes For a better understanding what the next section is talking about, a brief introduction about the different exchange rate possibilities and their advantages and disadvantages will be implemented. A fixed exchange rate regime can be created in three different ways. The first two are either a Soft Peg or a Hard Peg of the currency. Hard Pegs are for example currency boards or currency Unions (Eurozone) and mean a complete fix to the currency of a foreign country (e. g. the currency board of Argentina pegged the Peso to the Dollar). Soft Pegs are the less strict version and link to other currencies is less direct. The third possibility is a fixed exchange rate peg to several countries. The main focus of this paper lies on the currency board as it was the case in Argentina. The main economic advantage of a hard peg (currency board) is, that it comes to a better trade between the countries that are part of the arrangement. Since the volatility of floating rates causes costs for exports and imports. It also encourages international capital flows which can profit the welfare of a country. Especially in case of developing countries these capital flows can be very large. One big Problem of the exchange rate regimes is the loss of monetary and fiscal possibilities to stabilize the economy as well as Limitation of the ability to pursue domestic goals. There is a slight difference between a hard peg and a fixed exchange rate, since the fix exchange rate can be with several countries whereas the hard peg only pegs it currency to one foreign country. They have more or less the same ad- and disadvantages, but with a fixed exchange rate, which is pegged to more than one country, the pursuit of domestic goals is easier, since the country does not depend on one foreign economy. One major weakness of the fixed exchange rate is, that when devaluation becomes necessary through fundamental changes in economy. Even the announcement of devaluation creates the danger of a crisis and eventually ends in a crisis, like the case of Argentina shows. It is also likely that a currency crisis after devaluation can end up in a banking crisis, since fixed exchange rates give incentives to take on debt. see below for further information) Floating exchange rates can be found for example in the arrangement of the U. S. with their major trading partners. It means that the value of the exchange rate will be freely determined in the market, depending on demand and supply. The main economic advantages of floating exchange rates are that they leave the monet ary and fiscal authorities free to pursue internal goals. They can concentrate to generate full employment, stable growth, and price stability. Exchange rate adjustment often works as an automatic stabilizer to promote those goals. One main disadvantage of floating exchange rates is, that the exchange rate volatility and uncertainty, concerning costs on trade and investments, may discourage international investment. If foreign investment is a main source, as it is the case for most developing countries, floating exchange rate may impose real costs, not only for the exporters but also for the whole society. Whether a country should choose a fixed or a floating exchange rate depends on the dependency of the country on their neighbors and therefore their sensibility to external shocks. If it is very dependent on their neighbors and especially their neighbors’ economy the country is better of with a fixed exchange rate. But if the country is economically independent, a floating exchange rate would be the better choice in order to favor macroeconomic stability. 2. 2 Two types of exchange rates and free floating currency As the era of the currency board of Argentina was described earlier, the following focuses on the measures taken after the default of Argentina. The government chose a mixture of the two strategies mentioned before. Duhalde implemented his measures in a â€Å"schizophrenic† way. They started to devaluate the Peso from the originally 1 Peso to 1 Dollar rate to a 1. 4 pesos to 1 dollar rate (January 6 2002). On January 9th the government â€Å"pesified† dollar assets and liabilities, by converting the dollar to pesos at a 1 to 1 rate. This led to a â€Å"massive destruction of property rights† and a lot of utilities and companies ended up in bankruptcy. On February 9th they floated the peso by using the asymmetric pesification. This meant that dollar deposits were converted to pesos at the rate of 1 to 1. and dollar loans converted to pesos one to one. This imposed a large loss on the banking system and favored debtors owing dollar debts. A wide range of dollar denominated debt would be converted into pesos at the old parity of one peso to one dollar. The holders of dollar deposits in the bank could convert those at a much more favorable exchange rate 1. 4 pesos to one dollar. It followed a great loss on the balance sheet of the Banks, who could only remain one peso for one dollar in debt owed by borrowers but owed 1. 4 peso for each dollar to the debtors. The asymmetric pesification amounted a total loss of $ 10- 15 Million Dollar compared to their equity of $ 17 million they had at the end of 2001. The government finally realized that it could not risk a total collapse of the banking system and offered to help the banks. They granted $ 9 million in the form of government bonds in order of compensation. This compensation covered most of the losses in nominal accounting but since the market value of the bonds was far below par not in real terms. 2. 2 Free floating currency http://www. nber. org/papers/w9808. pdf? new_window=1 in many emerging market economies, exports, imports, and nternational capital flows are a relatively large share of the economy, so large swings in the exchange rate can cause very substantial swings in the real economy. (p6) Under these circumstances, the monetary authority is likely to display â€Å"fear of floating† (Calvo and Reinhart, 2002), defined as a reluctance to allow totally free fluctuations in the nominal or real exchange rate, which Mussa (1986) showed are very closely linked. To â€Å"pesofy† all savings and debts Currency apparently has destroyed more the trust into the financial sector than the hyperinflation in 1989 did, although it was created to generate more trust. Argentina suffered from diverse devaluations of other currencies and then they devaluated their own currencies. Which effects did that have on other economies and their own? This question will be answered in the following section. 3. Effects of Devaluation process on 3. 1 Trade Balance 3. 2 Productive capacity 3. 3 Salaries 3. 4 National Accounts 4. Conclusion 5. Literature Cline, William R. , 2003. â€Å"Restoring Economic Growth in Argentina†, Band 3158 von Policy research working papers , World Bank Publications 2003, 111 pages Labonte Marc, 2004. â€Å"Fixed Exchange Rates, Floating Exchange Rates, and Currency Boards: What Have We Learned? , Analyst in Macroeconomics Government and Finance Division, CRS Report for Congress, 24 pages Schuler, Kurt, 2002. â€Å" Ignorance and Influence: U. S. Economists on Argentina’s Depression of 1998-2002â€Å", Econ Journal Watch, Volume 2, Number 2, August 2005, pp. 234-278 ——————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [ 1 ]. http://www. nber. org/feldstein/argentina. pdf, p 10 [ 2 ]. Clarin. www. clarin. com. December 2001, available at http://www. servicios. clarin. com/notas/jsp/clarin/v8/edicant/edicantArchivo. jsp? dia=mes=12anio=2001edAntTipo=edanter_diariox=13y=10, [ 3 ]. W. R. Cline p. 47 [ 4 ]. Labonte et al, 2004, p. 7 [ 5 ]. Labonte et al, 2004, p. 5- 18 [ 6 ]. Labonte et al, 2004, p. 3-5 [ 7 ]. Corrales, 2002, p. 38 [ 8 ]. Or â€Å"pesofication†, means conversion to pesos [ 9 ]. Corrales 2002, p. 39 [ 10 ]. http://www. tradingeconomics. com/argentina/currency [ 11 ]. Schuler 2003 (http://www. hacer. org/pdf/Tirania. pdf) p. 30 [ 12 ]. http://books. google. com. ar/books? id=HbEJy8KwYxcCpg=PA53lpg=PA53dq=asymmetric+pesificationsource=blots=WWVnkeKfcWsig=MEpQ9lphc-QTV68m-ctUWT2bAPkhl=desa=Xei=W6jCT5ekDZKk8QTnr-DACwredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=asymmetric%20pesificationf=false p. 45 How to cite Currency Devaluation and Its Effects on the Economy, Essay examples

A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation

Questions: 1. What is homeostasis? 2. How is body temperature maintained including why this is necessary for the organism? Water is important for homeostasis how are water levels maintained within the body and why it is important to do so? Insulin and Glucagon are homeostatic hormones how is this case and why are they necessary? 3. For each of the subdivision you have labelled above explain their functions within the nervous system and in the case of certain answers their relationships to each other Nervous system, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system. 4. Explain the relationship between structure and functions of the excretory system and what organs are involved in the excretory system and what structures do they carry out this role use annotated diagrams as part of your answer? Answers: 1. Homeostasis is a process of maintaining optimum conditions of all the biochemical and metabolic interactions in the body of any organism to sustain their lives in constantly changing environment. The body temperature and balance of acidity and alkalinity that is pH is also maintained by the process of homeostasis (He et al. 2012). When body encounters an imbalance in the normal range of any one of the important metabolites; it immediately activates its endocrine, nervous, renal and other associated systems to restore the normal body conditions. Homeostasis is a characteristic feature of all organisms from unicellular to multicellular organisms. The process enables different organs and systems of our body to work cooperatively in order to achieve the desired result (Hooper Macpherson, 2015). 2. Temperature regulation in the body is done by homeostasis. There are two different kinds of animal endotherms- those who generally maintain a constant body temperature and ectotherms- those whose body temperatures changes with eternal factors. In case of humans the body temperature is regulated by the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus is the thermoregulatory center of the human body which acts as a sensor and detects small variations in the body temperature (Forster, Hirst Atkinson, 2012). There are two different lines of thermo receptors beneath the skin which senses the change in the temperature and tranduces the signal to the hypothalamus. If it is too hot then the heat loss centre of the hypothalamus is activated but when it is too old then heat generating centre gets activated. The hypothalamus then sends response to the effectors of the autonomic nervous system. Temperature homeostasis is very important for animals to live in this constantly changing environment. Human body comprises of so many organ systems for performing specific works. The biochemical pathways performed by these systems involve active participation of a wide array of enzymes. Enzymes need an optimum temperature for their activity. The ambient temperature or the normal body temperature of humans generally serves as the optimum temperature for the enzymes to carry their normal funtion. So if temperature of the body changes then these enzymes will not function properly thereby hindering the cascade of the biochemical pathway. In addition to that enzymes are denatured at high temperature that is their native structure gets destroyed and the enzyme no longer remains functional. The biochemical pathways are catalyzed by enzymes but if their native structure is lost then the metabolic pathways will be blocked (Culling, 2013). The ultimate result of this will be dysfunctioning of the organs and the systems. So temperature homeostasis is necessary to keep all the physiological and metabolic pathways of our body in their normal condition. Water is the important component of all cells because 55% of the cell comprises of water. Water activity is an essential feature of every cell. This term determines the percentage of water content in a cell. Water is the main component of blood too as it maintains blood volume. Water potential of blood needs to be regulated in order to prevent water loss from the cells. This regulation is also done by the hypothalamus which contains osmoreceptors. The osmoreceptors detect small change in water potential. A drop in the blood volume causes a sudden fall of blood pressure. The hypothalamus signals the brain to impart a feeling of thirst indicating requirement of water in the body. Hypothalamus also releases Antidiuretic hormone which opens the water channels of the endothelial cells of the collecting tubule of the nephrons (Ainsworth et al 2014). A hormone called rennin, released by the kidney activates another hormone Angiotensin II which constricts the blood vessels and in turn increa ses blood pressure. Water also receives the toxins from the cells and excretes them out of the body. Gaseous substances like oxygen and carbon-di-oxide are also carried by water. These two gases are carried by the blood and blood is mostly composed of water. Oxygen get dissolved in the watery portion that is the plasma of the blood and carried to the cells to meet the requirement of oxygen. On the other hand carbon-di-oxide, released due to excretion of the cells, get dissolved in the plasma of blood and forms carboic acid, a mild acid, and finally comes to the lungs (Hannon et al. 2012). There in the lungs the CO2 diffuses out of the blood and finally from the lungs. Body temperature is also regulated to some extent by water. Water provides an efficient mean of regulating the body temperature. During sweating, water is released from the sweat glands and evaporates from the skin; this in turn decreases the body temperature because when water evaporates it takes the heat from the bod y so the temperature lowers. Glucose is the principal carbohydrate which is transported in the cells. Glucose level needs to be controlled in all the cells. Generally glucose concentration should remain within 0.8 to 1 g/dm3 of blood. When glucose level in the blood rises up then the situation is called hyperglycaemia and when it falls then it is known as hypoglycaemia. Both the cases are fatal and even can lead to death. Glucose homeostasis is done by two hormones called insulin and glucagon. Both the hormones are released from the endocrine glands pancreas. Pancreas contains a region of hormone secreting cells called Islets of Langerhans. The hormones insulin and glucagon are secreted by the and cells of the Islets of Langerhans. Pancreas has receptors which sense the concentration of glucose in the blood. Insulin and glucagon have antagonistc effect on the blood glucose level (Trung et al. 2012). Insulin stimulates cells to uptake glucose for using in the cellular respiration process. Insulin turns on a sig nal transduction pathway that converts glucose into glycogen by the process called glycogenesis. This process causes polymerization of glucose into glycogen and thus concentration of free glucose in the blood decreases. On the other hand, glucagon cleaves glycogen polymer and produces glucose monomer by a process called glycogenolysis. After taking a full meal free glucose level in the blood increases. This high blood glucose stimulates the pancreas to release insulin from the cells. The insulin triggers the glycogenesis process to switch on and polymerize free glucose into glycogen. But when blood glucose level is very low then the endocrine system triggers the glycogenolysis process to turn on and break down glycogen into glucose rendering an increase in the free glucose level in blood. Both insulin and glucagon are essential for the cells otherwise blood glucose level will be disturbed. If insulin is not released during rise in blood glucose then free glucose will not be utilized by the cells. As a result hyperglycaemia will be caused. This situation is commomnly known as diabetes mellitus. High concentration of glucose often spills out in the urine causing a serious health problem. So diabetic patients commonly need insulin therapy in which insulin is given to the patient intravenously from outside. If glucagon is not secreted properly then a condition called hypoglycaemia occurs in which the blood glucose level suddenly falls. Hypoglycaemia can lead to coma and even death. So these two hormones need to be secreted properly otherwise diabetes or hypoglycaemia may lead to serious health concern (Cantley Ashcroft, 2015). 3. Nervous system, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system Nervous system is the signaling centre of the body. It controls and coordinates different physiological, morphological and metabolic functions in the body. The main function of the nervous system is to respond to any internal or external stimulus of the constantly changing environment. Nervous system coordinates muscular activity as well as the internal relationship of the internal organs (Mathias Bannister, 2013). Function of the central nervous system: The three parts of the central nervous system performs three different functions. The forebrain helps in thinking, analyzing, learning, coordinating the activities of the motor nerves. The mid brain controls motor function, helps in visual and auditory functions. The hind brain transmits sensory information. It also helps to maintain body balance, movement, digestion, respiration and maintain heart rate. The spinal cord delivers information to and from the brain. The spinal cord is the main component of the reflex arc so it controls and coordinates reflex actions (Cantley Ashcroft, 2015). Function of the peripheral nervous system: Peripheral nervous system is involved in the voluntary actions by the skeletal musles. It contains three types of nerves-spinal, cranial and association nerves. Spinal nerves transmit signals to the spinal cord. Cranial nerves helps in smell, vision, taste etc. Association nerves help in coordinating motor and sensory functions. 4. The system which helps to remove waste products from the body is called the excretory system. The principal organs of the excretory system are two kidneys. Kidneys are bean shaped and composed of its structural and functional units the nephrons. The kidneys are located on the either side of the backbone. There are two regions in the kidneys- the outer cortex and inner medulla (Ransohoff Brown, 2012). Waste products from the cells enter into the kidneys through blood. Renal artery carries blood to the kidneys and renal vein carries blood from the kidneys. The blood containing waste products get purified in two kidneys. Figure: Excretory System (Source: My organ donation project, 2015) The waste formed in the kidneys then pass through ureters and stores in the form of urine in the urinary bladder. Urine is formed in the nephrons by reabsorption of water which is aided by a hormone called Anti-di-uretic hormone or ADH. Urine contains salts, organic compounds and most importantly uric acid and urea. Uric acid is formed due to nucleic acid decomposition and urea is the product of amino acid metabolism (Tortora Grabowski, 2003). Nephron is the structural and functional unit of kidney. It contains a capsule like structure called Bowmans capsule below which there is a tubular part called the proximal convoluted tubules. The proximal convoluted tubule is followed by a U shaped tube known as Henles loop and then another tubule called the distal convoluted tubule. The distant convoluted tubule ultimately opens in a wide tube known as collecting tubule. The collecting tubule receives the urine. Bowmans capsule contains a complex network of blood capillaries called the glomerulus. Blood enters the glomerulus by renal artery and gets purified over there. Due to the high pressure the plasma is separated from the blood producing glomerulus filtrate. Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism produces different toxic waste products in the body which should be washed off from the body. Excretory system of our body performs this task. Metabolism releases nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous wastes in the cells. These wastes are highly toxic for the cells and if not removed they will exert cytotoxic effects. Proper functioning of the excretory system eliminates nitrogenous wastes, toxins and all other metabolic wastes from the cells (Tindale, 2014). References: Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., Wall, S. (2014). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Psychology Press. Cantley, J., Ashcroft, F. M. (2015). QA: insulin secretion and type 2 diabetes: why do -cells fail?. BMC biology, 13(1), 33. Culling, C. F. A. (2013). Handbook of histopathological and histochemical techniques: including museum techniques. Butterworth-Heinemann. Forster, J., Hirst, A. G., Atkinson, D. (2012). Warming-induced reductions in body size are greater in aquatic than terrestrial species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(47), 19310-19314. Hannon, M. J., Finucane, F. M., Sherlock, M., Agha, A., Thompson, C. J. (2012). Disorders of water homeostasis in neurosurgical patients. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 97(5), 1423-1433. He, C., Bassik, M. C., Moresi, V., Sun, K., Wei, Y., Zou, Z., ... Levine, B. (2012). Exercise-induced BCL2-regulated autophagy is required for muscle glucose homeostasis. Nature, 481(7382), 511-515. Hooper, L. V., Macpherson, A. J. (2015). Immune adaptations that maintain homeostasis with the intestinal microbiota. Nature Reviews Immunology, 15(5), 329-329. Mathias, C. J., Bannister, R. (Eds.). (2013). Autonomic failure: a textbook of clinical disorders of the autonomic nervous system. OUP Oxford. My organ donation project,. (2015). Excretory System. Retrieved 4 July 2015, from https://bricenojoseorgandonation.weebly.com/excretory-system.html Ransohoff, R. M., Brown, M. A. (2012). Innate immunity in the central nervous system. The Journal of clinical investigation, 122(122 (4)), 1164-1171. Tindale, A. (2014). Biology: A Concise Revision Course for CXC. Nelson Thornes. Tortora, G. J., Grabowski, S. R. (2003). The endocrine system. principles of anatomy and physiology. 10th edition, New York. John wiley and sons Inc, 620. Trung, V. N., Yamamoto, H., Yamaguchi, T., Murata, S., Aimi, Y., Kuwahara, A., Tani, T. (2014). Intact neural system of the portal vein is important for maintaining normal glucose metabolism by regulating glucagon-like peptide-1 and insulin sensitivity. Peptides, 52, 38-43