Oil and Gas Problems in Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan's Oil Supply Chain Management Challenges Kazakhstan is blessed with rich oil saves, which give a significant wellspring of incomes for stable financial development and improvement of the nation's expectation for everyday comforts. This paper tends to the test the Republic of Kazakhstan faces in dealing with its oil gracefully chain. The nation's ability for refining raw petroleum is insignificant and a considerable part of that refining limit is outside the Republic; added to that, a large portion of the pipelines and processing plants to trade oil to worldwide markets are mutually overseen by the Republic and global companies (MNCs).Thus there are political, mechanical and money related dangers for the republic's oil gracefully chain. 14 Jay Nathan, The Peter J. Tobin College of Business, St. John's University As in other oil creating countries, Kazakhstan's oil industry incomes straightforwardly rely upon the overall costs for oil and oil items, in light of gracefully an d request; and incomes rely upon the expense of creation and moving the last item to clients (Rasizade, 1999). For Kazakhstan's oil gracefully chain, the physical dispersion foundation associating supplies of raw petroleum to treatment facilities and to the world markets through pipelines, has been testing and costly.Moreover, at present Kazakhstan is outfitted with just a couple ; processing plants and in this way the significant part of Kazakhstan's unrefined petroleum is being refined in Russia. As of late, China has put intensely in the development of pipelines over the Republic of Kazakhstan to gracefully the expanded interest for oil in China. In this way Kazakhstan needs to oversee political, specialized and money related dangers in the coordination of her oil gracefully chain (Gaudenzi and Borghesi, 2006; Lockamy and McCormack, 2004). In the time of fast innovative turn of events and globalization. It is basic that each country adjusts to such an environment.Supply chain the executives has become a significant methods for continuing upper hand for every fruitful industry and organizations (Magretta, 1998). The goal of each gracefully chain, including the worldwide oil industry, is to amplify the general worth produced. The worth a flexibly chain creates [to an association, or to a nation] is the distinction between what the last item is worth to the client and the exertion the Introduction Kazakhstan has significant stores of oil; in any case, the nation faces a genuine detriment of not having any immediate access to the untamed ocean, as the Caspian Sea is landlocked.While her oil industry's upstream cost, I. e. , the expense for investigation, improvement and creation of unrefined petroleum, might be like that of most other oil delivering countries, its downstream cost, I. e. , transportation of raw petroleum to the treatment facility, refining and transportation to business sectors specifically, is all the more expensive (Sridharan, Canines and Patt erson; 2005). For Kazakhstan to ship the oil to world markets, the business needs to rely upon pipelines (Cavenagh, 1999) through different nations. Additionally, keeping up such an activity requires countless gifted laborers, yet Kazakhstan needs more of them.Kazakhstan's Oil Supply Chain Management Challenges 15 gracefully chain uses in filling the client's solicitation. For most business gracefully chains, worth will be firmly corresponded with flexibly chain gainfulness, the distinction between the income created from the client and the general expense over the flexibly chain (Chopra and Meindl, 2003; Lee, 2002; Cavinato, 2002). The Republic of Kazakhstan will do well to monitorâ€especially to support development †the general estimation of her oil gracefully chain in the coming years. in light of processing plant gain {www. gravmag. com, 2006).It is critical to take note of that more prominent monetary prizes can be increased uniquely with very much coordinated worldwide oil flexibly chain the board. Oil Production Sharing Agreement and Risks in Kazakhstan The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Kazakhstan and the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of Russia, intermittently set quantities for Kazakhstan's oil course through A russian area. For instance, on December 25, 2000 the amount for Kazakhstan was set at 17. 3 million tons. The notice among Kazakhstan and Russia of October 9, 2000 sets the rule of â€Å"a single route,† whose sole administrator is the Kazakh Oil Company.Annual portions rely mostly upon the political relations between the two countries. Other than governmental issues, there is additionally a specialized hazard factor, I. e. , the serious extent of pipeline wear and decay, which may hamper the adequacy and nature of administrations gave to trading nations. Furthermore, the absence of legitimate support of these oil pipelines exists essentially because of the way that an enormous number of very much prepared nearby exper ts and designers who are required are not accessible to day (Doing Business with Kazakhstan, 2004).Kazakhstan's oil pipeline frameworks were worked during the '70s {more than 60 percent of oil pipelines of the Western branch, to be accurate) and the rest during the '80s {75 percent of the Eastern branch). Therefore, toward the year's end 2000, Oil creating nations and worldwide gracefully chains Energy makes the wheels of worldwide flexibly chains go round (Bud La Londe, 2006). A run of the mill oil gracefully chain starts with the raw petroleum maker, next, the oil moves to the purifier, the transporter, the retailer lastly to the gas siphon where a client gets the product.The top world oil makers are Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United States, Iran, Mexico, China, Canada, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, Norway, Kuwait, Nigeria, Brazil, Kazakhstan and Iraq. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) controls significant raw petroleum supplies to the world. OPEC impa cts the cost of raw petroleum by setting creation quantities. The qualities {revenue openings) are included by preparing and artificially replacing the raw petroleum, which is called â€Å"refining. A 42-gallon barrel of unrefined petroleum makes around 19 1/2 gallons of gas, nine gallons of fuel oil, four gallons of stream fuel and 11 gallons of different items, including greases, lamp oil, black-top and petrochemical feed-stocks to make plastics. This signifies in excess of 42 gallons Supply chain the board has become a significant methods for supporting upper hand for every fruitful industry and organizations. Kazakhstan's Oil Supply Chain Management Challenges 16 55 percent ofthe pipelines were 10 to 20 years of age and 12 percent had been utilized for in excess of 30 years.Only 1 percent has been utilized for under 10 years. As time passes by, those pipelines are getting considerably more established and that implies not just the hazard and cost of keeping up them would be big ger, yet additionally the circumstance presents genuine specialized issues too for the Republic of Kazakhstan {Petroleumjournal. com, 2006). type of joint endeavors, creation sharing understandings and investigation/field understandings. Oil is recuperated from 55 fields. The biggest of these fields are: Tengiz (somebody billion tons of anticipated oil holds); Karachaganak (340 million tons in oil saves, mutiple. billion tons in gas condensates and mutiple. 3 trillion cubic meters of flammable gas); Uzen (with more than 1. 5 billion tons of land hydrocarbon saves, of which in excess of 200 million tons are extractable) and Kumkola (with 350 million tons of oil saves, of which 80 million tons of oil and 75 billion cubic meters of petroleum gas are demonstrated). The Caspian and Aral Sea rack additionally contain noteworthy stores. Right now, there are just three significant treatment facilities in Kazakhstan: Atyrau, Shymkent and Pavlodar (see Exhibit 2). Kazakhstan's Oil Fields and ProductionMangistau and Atyrau oblasts (territories) are the fundamental oil creating zones in Kazakhstan (see Exhibit 1). They represent in excess of 70 percent of the all out oil separated in the Republic. The other three extricating locales, Aktyubinsk, Kzylorda and Zapadno Kazakhstanskaya, represent the rest of. Worldwide oil ventures have taken the Exhibit 1: Production (in thousand tons) by areas 1998 Crude oil, thousand tons Aktubinskaya Atyrauskaya Zapadno-Kazakhstanskaya Kyzylordinskaya Mangistauskaya 23,818. 7 2,640. 8 11,135. 1 3,007. 8 7,035. 0 1999 26,735. 8 2,326. 7 12,359. 3 3,928. 8,121. 7 2000 30,647. 9 2,701. 1 13,422. 0 13. 5 533. 8 9,173 2001 36,060. 0 3,405. 3 15,589. 5 49. 4 6,172. 8 10,843. 0 Source: National Statistics Agency of Kazakhstan, 2005 Kazakhstan's Oil Supply Chain Management Challenges 17 Exhibit 2: Design and Delivery Capacities of Major Refineries Plant Design Capacity m In. tons Actual Deliveries min. tons Per month Design thousand tons Actual t housand tons Per day Design thousand tons Actual thousand tons Shymkent Oil Refinery PavlodarOil Refinery Atyrau Oil Refinery 6. 5 3. 6 2. 3 590 326. 8 189. 5 245. 4 19. 7 22. 6 14 10. 9 6. 3 7. 5 4. 677 418 2. 7 8. 2 Source: National Statistics Agency of Kazakhstan, 2005 †¢ Pavlodar (an outside speculator was given an administration concession in 1997; the plant has been under government control since summer 1999) forms principally light unrefined from Siberia and supplies the northern area of Kazakhstan; †¢ Atyrau has a place with Kazakhoil, preparing substantial household oil and supplies the western district; †¢ Shymkent was for the most part sold (95 percent) to private financial specialists in 1996. It forms committed rough from the locale (Kumkol, Aktyubinsk, Turkmen fields) and supplies the south, especially Almaty.Kazakhstan's Oil Production and Distribution Costs A huge number of various plans exist for separating oil incomes between the host nation and the outside accomplice. The typical objective for conveyance of income from creation to showcase is around 85 percent to the host nation and 15 percent to the oil organization. This proportion can be interpreted in a wide range of ways with various sorts of legally binding structures; it additionally relies upon the host nation's laws and inclinations, yet when all is said in done oil organizations focus on this ratio.This number has varie

Martin Luther Essay Example for Free

Martin Luther Essay Martin Luther was conceived in 1483 in Germany. In spite of the fact that he was raised in a catholic confidence, he changed his confidence by beginning another Christian development that was against the lessons of Catholicism, which was therefore named as Lutheran. He educated as a religious philosophy teacher, consequently an expert in religious philosophy and he was an evangelist too. His folks Hans Luder mother Margarethe were catholic adherents, in this way when he was conceived; he got absolution on the next day which was St. Martin of Tours day of blowout. He had siblings and sisters; be that as it may, two of his siblings passed route because of a plague. Jacob who had tight bonds with Martin lived on to mature age. Martin’s father leased copper mines and smelters and he likewise functioned as a representative in the neighborhood board. Other than he needed the best for his child; he aimed that Martin would be a legal counselor . Martin started his initial school life in 1497 at Mansfield, Magdeburg and Eisenach in a specific order; where he learnt Latin. At the point when he was seventeen years old he was an understudy at the University of Erfurt and continuously 1505, he had finished his postgraduate examinations and was granted an experts degree. Since his dad needed him to be a legal advisor, he felt free to enlist for the graduate school in any case, he never sought after the course to finish since as per him law was vague. Rather he liked to concentrate more on religious philosophy and reasoning and was captivated by previous rationalists like William of Ockham, Aristotle and Gabriel Biel. In any case, he was progressively attracted to teachers who instructed on not laying trust on anybody including the logicians except if the cases they state could be affirmed through commonality. On account of this explanation, Martin presumed that information in theory couldn't assist individuals with drawing near to God since it only underlined on thinking; which is legitimate when applied to individuals and associations yet not God. As per Luther, individuals could just recognize what god's identity is by understanding the sacred texts. From here, his mission for sacred writing understanding started. Later in 1505, Martin Luther deserted his examinations and joined the catholic religious community. Luther’s life as a priest was comprised by avoiding food, journey, announcement of his wrongdoings before a minister for pardoning and appealing to God for long periods. The life at the cloister wasn’t simple by any stretch of the imagination; the priests invested less energy in bed and they needed to buckle down so as to continue network individuals. He admits that his promise to the congregation as a priest was not charming to God; rather it made him mindful of how wicked he was. Besides, the period inside which he filled in as a priest gave an alternate view of Jesus Christ in his life; the Christian life at the cloister resembled a confinement place that irritated guiltless individuals, yet Jesus is â€Å"a Savior and a comforter†. In any case, the cloister hardship changed Luther as he discovered more opportunity to know the Bible. A while later, it was mulled over by Johann von Staupitz that Luther required to accomplish something different with the goal that his mission for the sacred writing could be upset. In like manner, after his holy appointment, he continued as a religious philosophy teacher of Wittenberg University. By 1509, Luther had gotten two degrees; one in Biblical examinations and the other in sentences. Following three years, he graduated as a specialist in religious philosophy accordingly turning into an individual from the senate in the staff of philosophy in the University of Wittenberg . The dubious issues with respect to Catholicism started in 1517 when Martin Luther composed the 95 proposals. The postulations concentrated on the guilty pleasures that were sold in the congregation. Since the pope needed assets to set up the St. Peter’s church in Rome, acquitting of sins was conceded on condition that the heathen paid cash. In different examples, one could buy pardon for sins that the individual hopes to submit. This prodded worry in Martin Luther on the grounds that as he had perused in the sacred text, redemption is openly given; while in Rome, salvation was an article of exchange that could be exchanged between two accomplices a miscreant and the minister. In addition, more guilty pleasures were sold so those spirits that were in limbo could be discharged. Besides, as indicated by the Roman Catholic Theology it was accepted that confidence isn't sufficient to legitimize an individual except if it is joined by deeds, for example partaking in works of noble cause and giving the congregation money related commitments . Luther protested the issue of extravagances that were being sold; subsequently, he drafted a note to the ecclesiastical overseers of Magdeburg and Mainz; this note is what was later alluded to as the 95 postulations. A duplicate of the note he kept in touch with the ecclesiastical overseer was put on the entryway of Castle Church. As indicated by Luther, the vindication and pardoning of sins dependent on guilty pleasures wasn't right and tricky. Inside a brief timeframe the theories were changed over to German, since they were written in Latin; after which they were printed and duplicated to make numerous duplicates. In like manner, the reproduced propositions were broadly dispersed to different parts inside Germany. Somewhere in the range of 1510 and 1520, he invested his energy in encouraging the New Testament books including the Psalms. Indeed, even as he considered the Holy Scriptures, he came to understand that legitimization was an extremely noteworthy perspective in salvation. That God recognizes a heathen and makes him exemplary when he accepts the sacred writing; likewise God spares delinquents as a result of elegance. Luther continued to lecture about support, how it originated from God’s just and confidence as a present for mankind from God. The Roman ecclesiastical power took a time of three years to act because of Luther’s compositions notwithstanding the way that the propositions had been appropriated at a quicker rate. The Archbishop of Mainz and Magdeburg whom the letter was routed to favored not to answer Luther, but instead recognized unorthodox expressions at that point sent the letter to Rome. Pope Leo X disregarded the letter accepting that it was anything but an offensive issue; to him Luther was just smashed and after at some point he would return to his detects. Be that as it may, the recognition wasn't right: Country’s, for example, England, Italy and France were perusing the propositions by 1519. Besides, he composed and distributed discourses Psalms and Galatians, despite the fact that he needed to work under security. By 1520, he had distributed three books that are viewed as the most brilliant among his works-â€Å"On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, On the Freedom of A Christian and To the Nobility of the German Nation. The Pope came to reexamine of Luther’s proposal in 1519 and requested him to give subtleties of his theories which he did in an outline. Accordingly, Luther was called to meet the Pope in Rome with the goal that he could give a nitty gritty support to his works. In any case, Luther went to Rome however as it was masterminded by Frederick the Wise, he met Cardinal Thomas Cajetan who was a legate to the pope Nevertheless, the pope felt free to keep in touch with Luther in a composing named as â€Å"papal bull Exsurge Domine† forewarning him to upbraid the postulations he had composed just as subsections inside the books that he had composed, in a time of sixty days; disappointment of which would bring about him getting suspended from the catholic network. On the other hand, Luther consumed the ecclesiastical bull and different compositions, an activity he later advocated in his works Assertions Concerning All Articles just as Why the Pope and His Recent Book Are Burned. Following this, Luther was suspended out of the Roman Catholic people group in 1521 by the Pope. Later in April, 1521, Luther was introduced before the Diet of Worms, a social affair of the Roman Empire experts in Worms, Rhine. It was expected of him to affirm in the event that he was the writer of the postulations and different books he had composed, an issue he promptly affirmed. Be that as it may, in noting whether he upheld the compositions, he concurred following one day having talked about with companions and supplicated. Likewise, in May 1521, Luther was announced an apostate and his works were prohibited. Also, nobody was allowed to give neither safe house nor food as this would add up to discipline. Luther by the assistance of the Elector of Saxony, Fredrick III, remained separate away from individuals in the Castle of Wartburg for around eleven months under the name Junker Jorg. It is during this period that he deciphered the New Testament, at first in Greek to German . At the point when he returned to Wittenberg in March 1522, Luther kept on lecturing and numerous individuals were attracted to his messages. He updated the congregation principles and helped with restoring harmony and solidarity inside the country. The new church precepts depended on trust, beauty and sacred text alone. Rather than the seven holy observances that exist in the Roman Catholic, just two holy observances were perceived sanctification and the Holy Communion. Lutheranism didn't advocate for chastity, be that as it may, nobody had to wed. The primary Lutheran assertion of confidence, in any case alluded to as the Augsburg Confession, was perused before the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V in 1530. The transformed church chose to name the new church as Lutheran out of appreciation for Luther. Luther wedded Katharina who was at first a religious recluse yet surrendered. He died in 1546, in Eisleben subsequent to having been sick . Reference index Collinson, P. (2004): The Reformation: a history, ISBN 0679643230, 9780679643234, Modern Library. Doak, R. S. (2006): Pope Leo X: Opponent of the Reformation, ISBN 0756515947, 9780756515942, Compass Point Books. Edwards, M. U. (Walk, 2000): Martin Luther: Exploring His Life and Times, 1483-1546. The Christian Century, Vol. 117. Fairchild, M. (2009): Martin Luther Bibliography. Recovered on thirteenth April, 2009, from: http://christianity. about. com/od/lutherandenomination/a/martinlutherbio_2. htm Marius, R. (1999): Martin Luther: the Christian among God and passing, third Edition, ISBN 0674550900, 9780674550902, Harvard University Press. The Columbia Encyclopedia (2007): Luther,

English Poetry free essay sample

In any case, writers, for example, William Wordsworth were effectively occupied with attempting to make another sort of verse that stressed instinct over explanation and the peaceful over the urban, frequently shunning present day structures and language with an end goal to utilize ‘new’ language. An early type was Robert Burns, who is commonly delegated a proto-Romantic writer and impacted Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Burns’s Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect was distributed in April 1786 and included â€Å"The Two Dogs,† â€Å"Address to the Deil,† â€Å"To a Mountain Daisy,† and the generally anthologized â€Å"To a Mouse. † Wordsworth himself in the Preface to his and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads characterized great verse as â€Å"the unconstrained flood of ground-breaking feelings,† however in a similar sentence he proceeds to explain this announcement by attesting that in any case any sonnet of significant worth should in any case be created by a man â€Å"possessed of more than expected natural reasonableness [who has] likewise thought long and deeply†. Hence, however numerous individuals seize unreasonably upon the idea of immediacy in Romantic Poetry, one must understand that the development was still incredibly worried about the torment of structure, of making an interpretation of these emotive reactions into the type of Poetry. Surely, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, another conspicuous Romantic artist and pundit in his On Poesy or Art considers craftsmanship to be â€Å"the mediatress between, and reconciler of nature and man†. Such a disposition reflects what may be known as the prevailing topic of Romantic Poetry: the separating of normal feeling through the human psyche so as to make craftsmanship, combined with a consciousness of the duality made by such a procedure. 1 Major Romantic writers †¢ Brazil: Alvares de Azevedo, Castro Alves, Casimiro de Abreu, Goncalves Dias †¢ England: William Blake, George Gordon Byron, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Wordsworth, John Keats †¢ United States: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Ralph Waldo Emerson Questions: What are the qualities of sentimental verse? Give instances of who were the sentimental writers? Melodious Ballads Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems is an assortment of sonnets by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, first distributed in 1798 (see 1798 in verse) and by and large considered to have denoted the start of the English Romantic development in writing. The quick impact on pundits was unobtrusive, however it became and stays a milestone, changing the course of English writing and verse. A large portion of the sonnets in the 1798 release were composed by Wordsworth, with Coleridge contributing just four sonnets to the assortment, including one of his most well known works, â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner†. (Moreover, despite the fact that it is just the two essayists that are credited for the works, William’s sister Dorothy Wordsworth affected William’s verse colossally in light of the fact that he considered her journal which held incredible portrayals of ordinary environmental factors). A subsequent release was distributed in 1800, in which Wordsworth incorporated extra sonnets and an introduction specifying the pair’s acknowledged poetical standards. Another version was distributed in 1802, Wordsworth included a supplement titled Poetic Diction in which he extended the thoughts set out in the prelude. Wordsworth and Coleridge set out to upset what they considered the pompous, learned and exceptionally etched types of eighteenth century English verse and bring verse inside the scope of the normal individual by composing the refrains utilizing typical, regular language. They place an accentuation on the imperativeness of the living voice that the poor use to communicate their world. Utilizing this language likewise declares the all inclusiveness of human feelings. Indeed, even the title of the assortment reviews natural types of craftsmanship the word â€Å"lyrical† joins the sonnets with the antiquated provincial minstrels and loans a quality of suddenness, while â€Å"ballads† are an oral method of narrating utilized by the everyday citizens. In his well known â€Å"Preface† (1800, overhauled 1802) Wordsworth clarified his poetical idea: most of the accompanying sonnets are to be considered as analyses. They were composed mainly so as to find out how far the language of discussion in the center and lower classes of society is adjusted to the motivation behind graceful joy. On the off chance that the examination with vernacular language was insufficient of a takeoff from the standard, the emphasis on straightforward, uneducated nation individuals as the subject of verse was a sign move to present day writing. One of the principle subjects of â€Å"Lyrical Ballads† is the arrival to the first condition of nature, wherein individuals drove a cleaner and progressively blameless presence. Wordsworth bought in to Rousseau’s conviction that mankind was basically acceptable however was tainted by the impact of society. This might be connected with the feelings spreading through Europe only before the French Revolution. In spite of the fact that the expressive melodies is a community work, just four of the sonnets in it are by Coleridge. Coleridge dedicated a lot of his opportunity to making ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. ’ Many of Coleridge’s sonnets were disliked with the crowd and with individual essayist Wordsworth because of their grim or otherworldly nature. In contrast to Wordsworth, Coleridge’s work can't be comprehended through the perspective of the 1802 introduction to the second version of that book; however it resembles Wordsworth’s in its romanticizing of nature and its accentuation on human euphoria, Coleridge’s sonnets regularly favor melodic impacts over the conventionality of normal discourse. The purposeful obsolescences of â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† and the mesmerizing automaton of â€Å"Kubla Khan† don't mimic normal discourse, making rather an all the more strikingly adapted impact. Further, Coleridge’s sonnets confuse the wonders Wordsworth underestimates: the straightforward solidarity between the youngster and nature and the adult’s reconnection with nature through recollections of adolescence; in sonnets, for example, â€Å"Frost at Midnight,† Coleridge demonstrates the delicacy of the child’s blamelessness by relating his own urban youth. In sonnets, for example, â€Å"Dejection: An Ode† and â€Å"Nightingale,† he focuses on the division between his own psyche and the magnificence of the common world. At last, Coleridge regularly benefits unusual stories and strange symbolism over the typical, natural simplicities Wordsworth advocates; the â€Å"thousand thousand vile things† that creep upon the spoiling ocean in the â€Å"Rime† would be strange in a Wordsworth sonnet. On the off chance that Wordsworth speaks to the focal mainstay of early Romanticism, Coleridge is by the by a significant auxiliary help. His accentuation on the creative mind, its freedom from the outside world and its making of phenomenal pictures, for example, those found in the â€Å"Rime,† applied a significant effect on later essayists, for example, Shelley; his portrayal of sentiments of distance and deadness assisted with characterizing all the more pointedly the Romantics’ admired difference between the vacancy of the city †where such emotions are experienced †and the delights of nature. The uplifted comprehension of these emotions likewise assisted with forming the generalization of the enduring Romantic virtuoso, frequently further described by illicit drug use: this figure of the dreamer, splendid yet shockingly unfit to accomplish his own beliefs, is a significant posture for Coleridge in his verse. His depiction of the brain as it moves, regardless of whether peacefully (â€Å"Frost at Midnight†) or in free for all (â€Å"Kubla Khan†) additionally assisted with characterizing the private emotionalism of Romanticism; while a lot of verse is established of feeling recalled in serenity, the cause of Coleridge’s sonnets regularly is by all accounts feeling remembered in feeling. Be that as it may, (in contrast to Wordsworth, it could be contended) Coleridge keeps up a passionate power as well as a real educated nearness all through his oeuvre and applies steady philosophical strain to his thoughts. In his later years, Coleridge worked a lot on transcendentalism and governmental issues, and a philosophical awareness implants quite a bit of his refrain †especially sonnets, for example, â€Å"The Nightingale† and â€Å"Dejection: An Ode,† wherein the connection among brain and nature is characterized through its particular dismissal of deceptive renditions. The psyche, to Coleridge, can't take its inclination from nature and can't dishonestly permeate nature with its own inclination; rather, the brain must be so suffused with its own delight that it opens up to the genuine, autonomous, â€Å"immortal† delight of nature. Questions: 1. Coleridge expounds oftentimes on kids, in any case, in contrast to other Romantic artists, he expounds on his own kids more frequently than he expounds on himself as a kid. With specific reference to â€Å"Frost at Midnight† and â€Å"The Nightingale,† by what means can Coleridge’s mentality toward kids best be described? How does this demeanor identify with his bigger thoughts of nature and the creative mind? Like Wordsworth, Coleridge is entirely persuaded of the excellence and attractive quality of the individual’s association with nature. In contrast to Wordsworth, in any case, Coleridge doesn't appear to accept that the kid naturally appreciates this special association. The child’s solidarity with the characteristic world isn't intrinsic; it is delicate and can be hindered or pulverized; for instance, if a youngster experiences childhood in the city, as Coleridge did, his concept of normal flawlessness will be very constrained (in Coleridge’s case, it is restricted to the night sky, as he portrays in â€Å"Frost at Midnight†). Coleridge intensely trusts that his youngsters will appreciate a youth among the delights of nature, which will sustain their minds (by providing for their spirits, it will make their spir

The Question Of Homelessness - Free Essay Example

Imagine what it might feel like to not be able to go home at night, to not have a place where your family can feel safe? To not be able to have something stable, something that you can call home and indulge in its security and comfort each day. Those are only a few of the unfortunate thoughts that go through the minds of homeless people. The amount of people who are homeless is becoming greater every day, and that needs to be changed with housing options which would provide a safe environment and an adequate source to live in, either long-term or temporarily.. Many people across the U.S. lack a regular night-time residence as a result of different things like substance abuse, the lack of affordable housing in their area, and mental health problems which, according to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration, 25 percent of homeless people claim to be. Housing in certain states such as our very own California, is expensive, apartments and houses. This is due to supply and demand, a lot of people want to live in California but there arent enough houses to go around, but we can just build more buildings right? Wrong. Proposition 13 takes away a citys incentive to build more homes because it limits the amount of property taxes a local government can take. Intended to help homeowners it had unintended consequences for the homeless people in desperate need of a roof over their head. Also, the limited amount of money, 1.9 billion dollars that the Housing Department is allowed to work with, is only a tenth of what the nation would need to eradicate homelessness, which is at least 20 billion. 20 billion dollars is a little less than the amount that Americans spend on Christmas decorations, to put it into perspective. There are a variety of housing options to choose from which can be beneficial to the homeless in terms of safety, living environment, and having a place in which they can stay. According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, The January 2017 Point-in-Time count identified 553, 742 people experiencing homelessness in the United States. In New York, specifically, 89, 503 people are homeless statewide (National Alliance). A proven housing-based policy: Permanent supportive housing, has proven to be cost-effective and also successful to the homeless problem since it provides affordable housing assistance to individuals with a mental illness, HIV/Aids or other health problems (Coalition for the Homeless). According to the Coalition for the Homeless, the New York/New York While these housing options are amazing for the homelessness, it has its problems. The Wheely made by Zo-Loft Architecture Design is a great invention, but it seems as the when you open it the wheel is right in the middle. So when one is getting in to go to sleep, they will lay on top of the wheel and it mostly likely is really uncomfortable having to lay on a hard aluminum frame. While this might be a problem the Wheely has its benefits, not only can you sleep in it, it can carry and store belonging inside the wheel structure, it can transform into a chair, and it is available at really low costs(Lepisto).

Corporal Punishment Is A Form Of Physical Punishment

Corporal punishment is a form of physical punishment that inflicts pain on kids for their negative actions such as spanking. This topic is controversial because some people feel very strongly that they should be allowed to continue using these methods and others feel very strongly that they should not be allowed to. I feel as if this method of punishment is inhumane and should not continue to be used. The modernization of psychology has proved that hitting children will not help them learn that what they did was wrong and will probably just make them angry or frustrated why they were abused. Even if they don’t do it again i think that it’s just because they’re scared not to, not because they actually learned not to and once they aren t scared anymore then they may continue to commit that action. Also if it s legal for people to do then in some cases it will be overused and the person will not be able to get into trouble if they get caught. Being abused can be a very traumatizing life event that can affect somebody forever, if we start bringing it back into schools then it could really ruin some kid s lives. According to Yun Jinies, who writes for abc news, he wrote this article to inform people about some of the dangers that come along with corporal punishment being in schools. Yun brought up a specific incident that occurred in a school where a principal paddled a 5 year old student. †Tenika Jones says the principal at the Joyce Bullock Elementary School in LevyShow MoreRelatedCorporal Punishment Should Be Taught Essay856 Words   |  4 PagesCorporal is derived from the Latin word corporÄ lis bodily which is equivalent to corpor meaning, â€Å"of the human body; bodily; physical†, as defined by the dictionary. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines corporal punishment as, â€Å"punishment that involves hitting someone: physical punishment†. The Committee on the Rights of the Child in the Ge neral Comment No. 8 defines ‘corporal’ or ‘physical’ punishment as, â€Å"any punishment in which physical force is used and intended to cause some degree of painRead MoreEssay on Corporal Punishment in Schools1007 Words   |  5 PagesCorporal Punishment Beat the students! Beat the students! Beat the students! The way most school systems want to discipline their students in the school system, is to beat them. This is the concept most schools look at corporal punishment. Corporal punishment has been used in school for centuries. Many schools have limited the use of corporal punishment but most schools continue to use corporal punishment. Corporal punishment is defined as â€Å"physical pain inflicted on the body of a child as a penaltyRead MoreEssay on Corporal Punishment1745 Words   |  7 PagesThe deciding factor in the future of corporal punishment is seen in the Ingraham v. Wright Supreme Court case. In 1970, James Ingraham, an eighth grade student of Drew Junior High School was one of the many beneficiaries of corporal punishment distributed by Willie Wright, the principal of the high school. The rationality behind Ingraham’s punishment was that he was slow to respond to his teacher instructions. As a result, his te acher sent him to the principal office where he bent over the tableRead MoreCorporal Punishment and the Effects of Its Usage757 Words   |  3 PagesCorporal Punishment and the effects of its usage Corporal punishment is the ability to make physical contact as a form of punishment for reprimanding ones behavior. Corporal punishment versus positive reinforcement while they both serve their purpose corporal punishment is known to be more effective. The most common form of disciplining has always been either a spanking, corporal punishment has been dated all the way back to biblical times. Now the corporal punishment that occurred during biblicalRead MorePersuasive Speech: Corporal Punishment1625 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Topic: Should Corporal Punishment be used by parents on young children? General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: I want to persuade my audience that corporal punishment should not be a way of punishment and to use other effective punishments. Thesis Statement: Corporal punishment tends to perpetuate a cycle of child abuse. Introduction I.Attention Grabber: â€Å"Corporal punishment is the use of physical force with the intention of causing a child to experience painRead MoreThe Effects Of Corporal Punishment On Children932 Words   |  4 PagesChildren and Corporal Punishment Punishing children has been one of the most controversial parenting topics this generation has seen. Physical punishment or corporal punishment is simple defined as the use of physical force with the purpose of initiating pain, but not wound, to teach the proper behavior of a child. Corporal punishment has been used for many centuries in schools and in homes but the use of such techniques have since decreased and are not being used in many places today. EvidenceRead More Corporal Punishment Essay895 Words   |  4 PagesCorporal punishment is a very controversial topic that is being discussed amongst educators across the nation. Corporal punishment refers to any physical form of punishment, but in this case it refers to in schools. Currently there are many different terms used to label corporal punishment, for example, it has been called spanking, paddling, caning, lashing, popping, smacking, whipping or beating. Each term carries its own different meaning, but they all represen ts some form of corporal punishmentRead MoreCorporal Punishment919 Words   |  4 PagesCorporal punishment is a very controversial topic that is being discussed amongst educators across the nation. Corporal punishment refers to any physical form of punishment, but in this case it refers to in schools. Currently there are many different terms used to label corporal punishment, for example, it has been called spanking, paddling, caning, lashing, popping, smacking, whipping or beating. Each term carries its own different meaning, but they all represents some form of corporal punishmentRead MoreEffectiveness of Corporal Punishment1320 Words   |  5 Pageswhat form of punishment is most efficient in eliciting avoidance behaviors. For a number of years the debate about the use and effectiveness of corporal punishment by teachers has divided educators, parents and ministry officials. As a result, researchers has tried their best to determine whether punishment or harm to a child doe s indeed thwart misbehavior and encourage students to follow the rules and regulations set forth by the schools. Although, Trinidad and Tobago has banned corporal punishmentRead MorePurpose Of Corporal Punishment1151 Words   |  5 PagesCorporal Punishment is the intentional act of disciplining by inflicting physical pain as retribution for an offense or wrongdoing. The purpose of corporal punishment is to prevent the offense or wrongdoing from happening again by instilling or associating fear with these undesired acts. Corporal punishment may be divided into three main types: parental or domestic corporal punishment, school corporal punishment and judicial corporal punishment which closely related to prison corporal punishment

Macbeth, Ruler by Divine Right - 1675 Words

Betrayal and Holy Retribution in Macbeth In the play Macbeth, author William Shakespeare tells the dramatic story of how a man, who becomes obsessed with his own fate and power, falls from grace and is eventually killed by his own obsessions. Written in 1606, this play follows historical figures during the mid 11th century in the struggle for power and the crown of Scotland. When this was written, the Tudor dynasty had just ended its nearly 120 years of ruling England and Shakespeare wished for a peaceful transition of power unlike in the time of Macbeth where out of nine consecutive kings, only two had their rule ended by natural causes. To discourage this mad scramble for power among the nobles, Shakespeare uses the theme of betrayal†¦show more content†¦Macbeth, however, does not stay loyal to Duncan and almost immediately following the words of the witches he admits that, â€Å"my thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical shakes so my single state of man that function, is smothered in surmise, and nothing i s but what is not† (Shakespeare 1.3.139). With this personal confession, Macbeth reveals how he is struggling internally between his own personal ambition and what he knows is right. When he does later decide to murder Duncan, he â€Å"acknowledges that his deed will entail all the kinds of violence civilization has been struggling to suppress since it first began† (Watson) as he had just recently help put down a rebellion against Duncan, ironically enough. When Macbeth does betray Duncan, the consequences of this are enormous ranging from fits of paranoia to his eventual death. The fallout of this central betrayal is foreshadowed early in the play when the former thane of Cawdor tried to betray Duncan and paid dearly for it. Duncan says that â€Å"he was a gentleman on whom I built an absolute trust† (Shakespeare 1.4.14) and because of this betrayal of trust he is executed and his title is given to Macbeth. The same fate will eventually await Macbeth as â€Å"t he rebel must be sacrificed to preserve [universal order]† (Bloom) but first he is abandoned by everyone around his until he is alone with his evil thoughts. The first introduction to evilShow MoreRelatedMacbeth, By William Shakespeare Essay1348 Words   |  6 Pagesthe play Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, there is a constant theme of questioning what quantifies a good leader and what qualifies someone to lead. These questions, however, are more easily posed than answered because they change immensely depending upon the individual responding. Some follow the school of thought that a king should be selected based on divine inheritance while others focus more holistically on a king who possesses good qualities that would make them a worthy ruler. In MacbethRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare’S Macbeth Remains As A Crucial Play1705 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Macbeth remains as a crucial play in understanding the central concepts that shape modern Western civilization. The novel dramatizes the mental and physical impacts of those pursuing political power. For centuries, medieval and Renaissance civilizations were assured of a harmony between political and religious ideals. Audiences during Shakespeare’s time were familiar with kingdoms that incorporated religious aspects into their political systems. In Scotland and England, theRead MoreThe Tragic Tragedy Of William Shakespeare s King Lear1014 Words   |  5 Pagesdoes not necessarily mean that the trait was always bad; it could have been a trait that initially made the person wonderful. The important part of hamartia is that the trait leads to the character’s undoing. The title characters in King Lear and Macbeth are two individuals that while they share the same hamartia of hubris, the resulting catharsis is different due to their ending circumstances. The superior view of ‘self’ in appearances extends to both characters and leads them to becoming a differentRead MoreExploration of Shakespeares Views on Kingship Through Macbeth950 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeares Views on Kingship Through Macbeth Works Cited Not Included Macbeth was written by William Shakespeare in around 1606 and is Shakespeares shortest tragedy. He wrote Macbeth whilst James I was on the throne. James believed strongly in divine right. This may have helped Shakespeares views on kingship. In Macbeth there are four kings: EdwardRead MoreMacbeth Abuse Power Essay1608 Words   |  7 PagesMacbeth: The Abuse of Power In William Shakespeare’s tragedy of Macbeth, a Scottish noble along with his wife Lady Macbeth, crave absolute power, which prompts them to do terrible deeds that eventually lead to their demise. As well as the malicious rulers, we have those who have authority, but use their power in beneficial ways, portraying them as just rulers. The play displays the fair ruling ways of King Duncan; the kind heart of Macduff; the mischievous and abusive actions of Lady Macbeth; theRead MoreThe Tragic Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare Essay1479 Words   |  6 PagesAbsolute power corrupts absolutely†¦ unless, of course, your absolute power is a God-given right. The iconic tragedy Macbeth is arguably one of the most recognised literary works of William Shakespeare, centered on the idea of illegitimate power. Throughout the text, Shakespeare explores the destructive nature of power through various representations and characters, conveying an unceasing struggle for power amongst the main protagonists that causes devastating consequences. Though Shakespeare conveysRead MoreMacBeth Versions Comparison Essay547 Words   |  3 PagesMacBeth versions comparison essay There are many differences between interpretations of William Shakespeares MacBeth. This essay wall contrast Shakespeares original version and a movie version by Roman Polanski produced in 1970. Three major differences will be discussed. One difference between Shakespeares and Polanskis version is the absence of the scene in England in Polanskis version. In the Original MacBeth, MacDuff goes to England to convince Malcolm to return and fight MacBethRead MoreTheme Of Kingship In Macbeth938 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare employs a similar technique under the rule of James I through the prevalent theme of kingship throughout Macbeth, demonstrating the tyranny of the fictional Scottish King as the antithesis of the English monarch. Disassociation is established throughout the play as Macbeth is instead affiliated with the Bolingbroke dynasty, upholding the Tudor myth. This is achieved primarily through illegitimacy to the throne as unworthiness leads to tyranny, and ultimately, monarchical abuse (McCauliffRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 910 Words   |  4 Pagesthis speech to his troops in the country near Birnam Wood before the battle of Dunsinane. Macduff explains why Macbeth must be defeated, and encourage s the soldiers into battle. This fills the gap/silence in the play when the army arrives at Birnam Wood between when they are ordered to cover themselves with Birnam Wood, and the orders to march towards Dunsinane castle to overthrow Macbeth. I will be presenting myself as Macduff, standing before the crowd of soldiers, explaining to them exactly whyRead MoreEssay on Lady Macbeth719 Words   |  3 Pagesfor Lady Macbeth There are certain aspects of Lady Macbeth’s character that suggests she is good and therefore her downfall increases my sympathy for her by the end of act 5. But I would also argue that she entailed evil to fuel her sleeping ambition that would make her nemesis, her mental collapse, fully justified. Lady Macbeth’s role as a supporting wife at the start of the play exceeds the duties of a ‘normal’ wife. She is the ‘Eve’ to Macbeth’s ‘Adam’ and is tempted. Although Macbeth hints at

Analysis of Elements on International Trade

Question: Discuss about theAnalysis of Elements on International Trade. Answer: Introduction In the present times there has been a significant increase in the domestic consumers which has led to the significant decrease in the overall costs of the goods. This has led to the increase in the overall competition and has also allowed the different industries to do the shipping of their products abroad. In addition to this, it has permitted the industries to do the shipping of their products abroad. Though, in spite of all this, there are a number of things which are important to be discussed while doing the consideration of the some of the important parts of the International trade. There will be a discussion on the international trade, the costs and the benefits associated with the tariffs, the welfare effects and the winners and losers in tariff policies. Further, there will be a discussion on the export subsidies Further there will be discussion of export subsidies and agricultural subsidies. In addition to this, there will be a detailed explanation of the affect of trade in the agriculture in United States and the European Union. In addition to this, there will be a study on the effects of voluntary exports restraints on the exporting and important nations. Further, there will be analysis of how the different trade policies may impact the countries. Tariffs The tariff may be defined as any kind of tax which may be implemented in the cost of those goods which have been imported. It is something which may be added to the costs of the good. In addition to this, it is one of many trade policies which can be enacted by the nation. The tariff is important from varies perspectives. It helps in the overall protection of some of the infant industries and also the developing countries (Tarr Morkre, 1984). In addition to this they are also used by the advanced economies which have the developed industries. There are many reasons for the use of the tariffs. Thus, tariff can be defined as the tax which may be implemented on the exports or the imports. Tariff is something which can be in the form of the customs duty and can be changed for different businesses. Costs and Benefits of Tariffs There are a large number of benefits associated with the tariffs. These include the following: Protection of the domestic employment: The process of levying the tariff is something which is highly politicized. This may lead to the increase in the possibility of the overall increase in the competition from some of the imported goods which can be used for threatening of some of the domestic industries. These industries may use different tactics for their purpose of firing of the works or may shift the entire production abroad in order to cut down the costs. This may lead to such a situated where there are higher situation of unemployment within the nation and the electorates are less happy. The argument which is related to the unemployment may actually take a shift to some of the domestic industries who do complain about the foreign labor which can be available at the cheaper costs (Tullock, 1967). In addition to this there may also be the rising complaints about the poor working conditions for the people and the lack of proper regulation because of which the companies can produ ce the goods at a cheaper rate. In general, in the situation of economics, the different nations may produce the goods unless they do not have any kind of comparative advantage. Protection to the customers: Another important thing why tariff is more important that the government may levy a tariff on some of the products which are harmful for the people and can lead to the danger amidst the people. An example of the same is South Korea, where the tariff is placed on imported beef from the United States as it is believed by their government that this beef can lead to the diseases. Another example can be observed in India where the government has levied tariffs on cigarette as it is very harmful for everyone (Faruqui et al, 2010). Infant industries: Tariffs are useful to give the protection to some of the infant industries. This can be observed to be as a part of the Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) strategy which may be employed by the different developing nations of the world. The government in the development nations will be levying huge tariffs on some of the imported goods in the industries where it wants to observe a major growth. This also led to the overall increase in the prices of some of the imported goods. In addition to this, it helps in building of the suitable platform for the domestic market to sell the goods which are produced in the nation. This helps in fostering of the growth in the country and to ensure that there is more and more protection for the national companies. This also protects these domestic companies from being forced out to more competitive pricing (Lee Roland, 1993). In addition to this, it also leads to the decrease in the unemployment and also permits the differ ent developing nations to shift from the agricultural goods to other finished products. Though, there is more and more criticism against the protectionist strategy which actually revolved around the overall cost related to the subsidizing and the development of some of the infant industries. In case there is a situation that any industry develops and grow without any kind of competition, it will lead to the winding of the production of some of the lower quality goods. Also, the subsidies may be required to sap economic growth. National Security: There are also certain barriers which are employed by some of the developed countries in order to ensure that some of their industries are protected. It is assumed that these are some of the industries which are supporting the security of the nation. The different defense industries may be watched as one of the most vital industries in the nation and for the interests of the nation. In addition to this, these are the industries which may also enjoy the significant level of protection (Rodriguez, 1979). An example of the same is that while there is industrialization in both Western Europe and the United States, both of them are very protective with respect to their defense industries. Realization: Another benefit of tariff is that the nations may set up different tariffs for the purpose of realization. This is done to ensure that any trading partner hasnt done is not playing with the rules of the nations. For example: if it is believed by the France that United states has given the permission to sell the champagne wines in US, it may levy a huge amount of tax on the imported meat from United States (Baldwin et al, 1980). In such a condition there may be a realization and France may take the decision to pause its retaliation. This can be employed if any of the trading partners has gone against the foreign policy objective of the government. Welfare Effects of Tariff There are a number of welfare effects which are associated with the tariff which may include the following: Tariff impacts on the different producers of the country. The producers of the country may be benefited because of the tariffs. Because of the increase in the overall price of the product increase the profits of the producers in the country. In addition to this, it also increased the overall output of some of the existing firms and also the new firms (Neary, 1993). In addition to this, it also helps an improvement in the employment, profit, payments and fixed costs in the country. Tariff is good for the government of the nation: This is because the government receives a good amount of profits from the tariffs. This is beneficial for the people of the nation as they can be benefitted from the tariffs (Bond Syropoulos, 1996). The funds obtained from these revenues can be used in the spending programs which lead to the benefits on the people. Tariff is beneficial for the important country: This is because if the total gains and losses to consumers, producers and the government are summed up, it can be found that the tariff is actually beneficial for the nation as a whole (Magee et al, 1972). Winners and Losers in Tariff Policies Tariff may have an impact in the consumers of the important country. The people who consume the product may have to face a negative impact of tariff. They may have to face the increase in the prices in case of domestic goods and also in case of imported products. Therefore these people often have to spend high amount because of the tariff (Williamson, 2005). If tariff is not levied on these people, they may be impacted. Thus the consumers of the country are the losers as they have to lose money. The winners in such a scenario are the domestic companies who are producing the goods within the nation (Beine et al, 2008). They get the opportunity to sell the products at a fair price which they couldnt have done if no tariffs had been levied by the government on the imported goods. Had there been no tariff, these producers would have to sell the same goods at the lower price because of the market competition (Shafer, 1994). Another winner in case of the tariff is the nation as a whole as it has the overall gain. The government is also a winner as it gets the revenues which can be used for different tasks and purpose. Another loser other than the customers is the companies who have to pay the tariffs. Because of the high costs, they can sell fewer products in the importing country (Tang, 2000). Export Subsidies An export subsidy may be defined as the policy which is implemented by the government of the nation in order to encourage the export of different goods and also to discourage the sale of the goods in the domestic markets. This sale may be through the direct payments and also by some of the other measures including the low costs of loans, relief of taxes from the exporters or international financing which is advertized by the government. The government of the nation has to do the export in two forms (Brander et al, 1985). This may include the two kinds of subsidies. This may include the government subsidy and also the cash subsidy. The government subsidy on one hand includes the trade information, the studies released to the feasibility, the foreign representation and the trade shows. Another subsidy is the cash subsidy may include the rebate on the imported raw materials and the duty free import which is implemented on some of the manufacturing equipment which may be called as the in direct cash subsidy (Collie, 1991). Other than this, it may also include the drawback as the percentage related to the value of some of the exports which may be called as the direct cash subsidy. Agriculture Subsidies: An agriculture subsidy may be defined as the subsidy of the government which is paid to the farmers in the nation to help to raise their income. In addition to this, it also helps in the management of the supply of some of the agricultural subsidies. It also has an involvement in the cost and the supply which is related to some of the products (Parikh Suryanarayana, 1990). An example of some of the commodities on which the subsidy is given includes maize and corn, sorghum, cotton and milk etc. There may be different kind of agricultural subsidies which may include the input subsidies and fertilizer subsidies. Effects of the Subsidies in Agricultural Trade in US and Europe Agricultural subsidies has widely impacted the agricultural trade in the US and Europe. At present, the United States pay a total subsidy of around $20 billion to their farmers each year for the purpose of stabilization of the income earned from the farms. This is done with the help of the farm bills. This money has been directly used by the farmers in US and Europe. Because of the subsidies, the prices of some of the agricultural related commodities can be brought down. This is useful with respect to the international trade (Jensen et al, 2014). The low prices of the crops are also an encouraging factor for the developing nations to become the dependent buyers of some of the food which may be there from some of the wealthy systems. Under the same, the subsidized farmers may be easily able to dump some of the lower costs farms. But there are also some of the negative impacts of the agricultural subsidies. This is because they can lead the producers to have an over use of some of the fertilizers or the pesticides. This can lead to the degradation of the soil, depletion of some of the ground water resources. In some of the situations they may also lead to the distortion in some of the global commodity markets. This may also impact the global economy and the national security. In addition to this it can increase the poverty in the nation. Impact of Voluntary Export Restraint Let us assume that there are two different trading countries one of which is the exporting nation while the other is an importing nation. The supply and the demand curves for these two nations can be explained in the diagram. PFT is the free trade equilibrium price. At this price, the excess demand which may be raised by the importing nation may be equal to the excess supply which is given by the exporter. The quantity of export and import can be explained in the blue line in both the graph. This is actually the horizontal distance between the supply and the demand curves. It is assumed that the exporting nation does the binding of the VER which may be set equal to the length of the red line segment. Whenever there is a new equilibrium, the country which actually important will also rise to such a level at which the import related demand may be equal to the quota level (Harris, 1985). Thus, there will be a fall in the export supply which would be equal to the quota level (Feenstra,1 984). Importing country Exporting country Consumer Surplus - (A + B + C + D) + e Producer Surplus + A - (e + f + g + h) Quota Rents 0 + (c + g) National Welfare - (B + C + D) c - (f + h) World welfare - (B + D) - (f + h) VER Effects on Exporting Country: Exporting country consumers will find an increase in the overall wellbeing because of VER. The decrease in the domestic prices will raise the amount of consumer surplus. In addition to this the producers in the export country will be observing that there is an overall decrease in well being because of the quota. VER Effects on Importing Country: The consumers of the importing country will suffer a reduction in the well being of VER (Berry et al, 1999). The producers of the importing country may experience an increase in the overall well being because of VER. Also, there is no quota rent effects because of VER. Conclusion Thus it can be concluded that there are different elements which may impact the international trade which may be there between the nations. The international trade is an important function for both the importing and the exporting nations. The implementation of the different taxes in the form of tariffs may also have the significant benefits to the importing country. In this report the discussion has been done on the impact and the benefits of some of the different elements related to the international trade. There has been discussion on the tariffs, its costs and benefits, its welfare effect on the nations. Further there has been a discussion on the export subsidies and agriculture subsidies. It has been found that how the subsidies may be important in case of international trade. Further there has been an analysis on the impact of VER on the importing and the exporting country. References Tarr, D.G. and Morkre, M.E., 1984.Aggregate costs to the United States of tariffs and quotas on imports: general tariff cuts and removal of quotas on automobiles, steel, sugar, and textiles: an economic policy analysis. Federal Trade Commission, Bureau of Economics. Tullock, G., 1967. The welfare costs of tariffs, monopolies, and theft.Economic Inquiry,5(3), pp.224-232. Faruqui, A., Harris, D. and Hledik, R., 2010. Unlocking the 53 billion savings from smart meters in the EU: How increasing the adoption of dynamic tariffs could make or break the EUs smart grid investment.Energy Policy,38(10), pp.6222-6231. Lee, H. and Roland-Holst, D., 1993. International trade and the transfer of environmental costs and benefits. We Rodriguez, C.A., 1979. The quality of imports and the differential welfare effects of tariffs, quotas, and quality controls as protective devices.The Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'Economique,12(3), pp.439-449. Neary, J.P., 1993. Welfare effects of tariffs and investment taxes.Theory, policy and dynamics in international trade, pp.131-156. Bond, E.W. and Syropoulos, C., 1996. The size of trading blocs market power and world welfare effects.Journal of International Economics,40(3), pp.411-437. Magee, S.P., Bergsten, C.F. and Krause, L., 1972. The welfare effects of restrictions on US trade.Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,1972(3), pp.645-707. Baldwin, R.E., Mutti, J.H. and Richardson, J.D., 1980. Welfare effects on the United States of a significant multilateral tariff reduction.Journal of international Economics,10(3), pp.405-423. Winner Williamson, J.G., 2005. Winners and losers over two centuries of globalization. InWider perspectives on global development(pp. 136-174). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Beine, M., Docquier, F. and Rapoport, H., 2008. Brain drain and human capital formation in developing countries: winners and losers.The Economic Journal,118(528), pp.631-652. Shafer, D.M., 1994.Winners and losers: How sectors shape the developmental prospects of states. Cornell University Press. Tang, H. ed., 2000.Winners and losers of EU integration: policy issues for Central and Eastern Europe. World Bank Publications. Export Brander, J.A. and Spencer, B.J., 1985. Export subsidies and international market share rivalry.Journal of international Economics,18(1), pp.83-100. Collie, D., 1991. Export subsidies and countervailing tariffs.Journal of International Economics,31(3), pp.309-324. Agri Parikh, K.S. and Suryanarayana, M.H., 1990.Food And Agriculture Subsidies: Incidence And Welfare Under Alternative Schemes. Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research-. Jensen, N.M. and Shin, M.J., 2014. Globalization and Domestic Trade Policy Preferences: Foreign Frames and Mass Support for Agriculture Subsidies.International Interactions,40(3), pp.305-324. Ver Harris, R., 1985. Why voluntary export restraints are'voluntary'.Canadian Journal of Economics, pp.799-809. Feenstra, R.C., 1984. Voluntary export restraint in US autos, 1980-81: Quality, employment, and welfare effects. InThe structure and evolution of recent US trade policy(pp. 35-66). University of Chicago Press. Berry, S., Levinsohn, J. and Pakes, A., 1999. Voluntary export restraints on automobiles: Evaluating a trade policy.American Economic Review, pp.400-430.